FormattableMarkup.php

<?php

namespace Drupal\Component\Render;

use Drupal\Component\Utility\Html;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\UrlHelper;

/**
 * Formats a string for HTML display by replacing variable placeholders.
 *
 * When cast to a string, this object replaces variable placeholders in the
 * string with the arguments passed in during construction and escapes the
 * values so they can be safely displayed as HTML. See the documentation of
 * \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat() for details
 * on the supported placeholders and how to use them securely. Incorrect use of
 * this class can result in security vulnerabilities.
 *
 * In most cases, you should use TranslatableMarkup or PluralTranslatableMarkup
 * rather than this object, since they will translate the text (on
 * non-English-only sites) in addition to formatting it. Variables concatenated
 * without the insertion of language-specific words or punctuation are some
 * examples where translation is not applicable and using this class directly
 * is appropriate.
 *
 * This class is designed for formatting messages that are mostly text, not as
 * an HTML template language. As such:
 * - The passed in string should contain no (or minimal) HTML.
 * - The result from casting an object to a string should not be used within
 *   the "<" and ">" of an HTML tag, such as in HTML attribute values. This
 *   would be a security risk.
 * To build non-minimal HTML, use an HTML template language such as Twig,
 * rather than this class.
 *
 * @ingroup sanitization
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup
 * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\PluralTranslatableMarkup
 * @see \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat()
 */
class FormattableMarkup implements MarkupInterface, \Countable {
    
    /**
     * The string containing placeholders.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $string;
    
    /**
     * The arguments to replace placeholders with.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $arguments = [];
    
    /**
     * Constructs a new class instance.
     *
     * @param string $string
     *   A string containing placeholders. The string itself will not be escaped,
     *   any unsafe content must be in $args and inserted via placeholders.
     * @param array $arguments
     *   An array with placeholder replacements, keyed by placeholder. See
     *   \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat() for
     *   additional information about correct and secure use of placeholders.
     *
     * @see \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat()
     */
    public function __construct($string, array $arguments) {
        $this->string = (string) $string;
        $this->arguments = $arguments;
    }
    
    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    public function __toString() {
        return static::placeholderFormat($this->string, $this->arguments);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the string length.
     *
     * @return int
     *   The length of the string.
     */
    public function count() : int {
        return mb_strlen($this->string);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a representation of the object for use in JSON serialization.
     *
     * @return string
     *   The safe string content.
     */
    public function jsonSerialize() : string {
        return $this->__toString();
    }
    
    /**
     * Replaces placeholders in a string with values.
     *
     * For convenience examples are listed here. Refer to the parameter
     * description for $args for details of the placeholders "@", "%", and ":".
     *
     * Secure examples.
     * @code
     * // Returns the HTML string "Prefix $some_variable".
     * $this->placeholderFormat('Prefix @foo', ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * // Convert object to a sanitized string.
     * $this->placeholderFormat('Non-sanitized replacement value: @foo', ['@foo' => (string) $safe_string_interface_object]);
     * // Wraps $some_variable in an <em> tag.
     * $this->placeholderFormat('Prefix %foo', ['%foo' => $some_variable]);
     * // The following are using the : placeholder inside an HTML tag.
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=":foo">link text</a>, ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=":foo" title="static text">link text</a>, ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=":foo">@foo</a>, ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * // Use : placeholder inside an HTML tag.
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<img src=":foo" />, ['@foo' => '/image.png']);
     * @endcode
     * The above are typical examples of using the placeholders correctly.
     *
     * Insecure examples.
     * @code
     * // The following are using the @ placeholder inside an HTML tag.
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<@foo>text</@foo>, ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<a @foo>link text</a>, ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<a href="@foo">link text</a>, ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * $this->placeholderFormat('<a title="@foo">link text</a>, ['@foo' => $some_variable]);
     * // Convert object to a string nad not string that is not sanitized.
     * $this->placeholderFormat('Non-sanitized replacement value: @foo', ['@foo' => $safe_string_interface_object]);
     * @endcode
     * These are the more common mistakes that can be made. Make sure that your
     * site is not using any insecure usages of these placeholders.
     *
     * @param string $string
     *   A string containing placeholders. The string itself is expected to be
     *   safe and correct HTML. Any unsafe content must be in $args and inserted
     *   via placeholders. It is insecure to use the @ or % placeholders within
     *   the "<"  and ">" of an HTML tag.
     * @param array $args
     *   An associative array of replacements. Each array key should be the same
     *   as a placeholder in $string. The corresponding value should be a string
     *   or an object that implements \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface.
     *   The args[] value replaces the placeholder in $string. Sanitization and
     *   formatting will be done before replacement. The type of sanitization
     *   and formatting depends on the first character of the key:
     *   - @variable: Use as the default choice for anything displayed on the
     *     site. Do not use within the "<" and ">" of an HTML tag, such as in
     *     HTML attribute values. Doing so is a security risk.
     *   - %variable: Use when @variable would be appropriate, but you want the
     *     placeholder value to be wrapped in an <em> tag with a placeholder
     *     class. As with @variable, do not use within the "<" and ">" of an HTML
     *     tag, such as in HTML attribute values. Doing so is a security risk.
     *   - :variable: Use when the return value is to be used as a URL value of an
     *     HTML attribute. Only the "href" attribute is supported. The return
     *     value is escaped with
     *     \Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape() and filtered for dangerous
     *     protocols using UrlHelper::stripDangerousProtocols(). Use this when
     *     using the "href" attribute, ensuring the value is always wrapped in
     *     quotes.
     *
     * @return string
     *   A formatted HTML string with the placeholders replaced.
     *
     * @ingroup sanitization
     *
     * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup
     * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\PluralTranslatableMarkup
     * @see \Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape()
     * @see \Drupal\Component\Utility\UrlHelper::stripDangerousProtocols()
     * @see \Drupal\Core\Url::fromUri()
     */
    protected static function placeholderFormat($string, array $args) {
        // Transform arguments before inserting them.
        foreach ($args as $key => $value) {
            switch ($key[0]) {
                case '@':
                    // Escape if the value is not an object from a class that implements
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface, for example strings will
                    // be escaped.
                    // Strings that are safe within HTML fragments, but not within other
                    // contexts, may still be an instance of
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface, so this placeholder type
                    // must not be used within HTML attributes, JavaScript, or CSS.
                    $args[$key] = static::placeholderEscape($value);
                    break;
                case ':':
                    // Strip URL protocols that can be XSS vectors.
                    $value = UrlHelper::stripDangerousProtocols($value);
                    // Escape unconditionally, without checking whether the value is an
                    // instance of \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface. This forces
                    // characters that are unsafe for use in an "href" HTML attribute to
                    // be encoded. If a caller wants to pass a value that is extracted
                    // from HTML and therefore is already HTML encoded, it must invoke
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\OutputStrategyInterface::renderFromHtml()
                    // on it prior to passing it in as a placeholder value of this type.
                    // @todo Add some advice and stronger warnings.
                    //   https://www.drupal.org/node/2569041.
                    $args[$key] = Html::escape($value);
                    break;
                case '%':
                    // Similarly to @, escape non-safe values. Also, add wrapping markup
                    // in order to render as a placeholder. Not for use within attributes,
                    // per the warning above about
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface and also due to the
                    // wrapping markup.
                    $args[$key] = '<em class="placeholder">' . static::placeholderEscape($value) . '</em>';
                    break;
                default:
                    if (!ctype_alnum($key[0])) {
                        // Warn for random placeholders that won't be replaced.
                        trigger_error(sprintf('Placeholders must begin with one of the following "@", ":" or "%%", invalid placeholder (%s) with string: "%s"', $key, $string), E_USER_WARNING);
                    }
                    // No replacement possible therefore we can discard the argument.
                    unset($args[$key]);
                    break;
            }
        }
        return strtr($string, $args);
    }
    
    /**
     * Escapes a placeholder replacement value if needed.
     *
     * @param string|\Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface $value
     *   A placeholder replacement value.
     *
     * @return string
     *   The properly escaped replacement value.
     */
    protected static function placeholderEscape($value) {
        return $value instanceof MarkupInterface ? (string) $value : Html::escape($value);
    }

}